#10 Chlorophyll

All green plants contain chlorophyll. The 2 main types of chlorophyll are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The allow green light to be reflected or transmitted. This is why plants with a lot of chlorophyll are green. Chlorophyll A is involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll b assist chlorophyll a in capturing light energy.
Source: Pg 115 Modern Biology

#11 Aerobic Respiration

Ferns carry out aerobic respiration because they have chloroplasts. Thy use both respiration and photosynthesis. The steps of aerobic respiration are the following.
First is the Krebs Cycle;
1. two carbon molecules combine with oxaloacetic acid(four-carbon compound) and they make a six-carbon compound known as citric acid. This regenerates co enzyme A.
2.CO2 is released by citric acid and a hydrogen atom. A hydrogen atom forms a five-carbon compound. Citric acid is oxidized and the hydrogen electron reduces NAD+ to NADH.
3. The five-carbon compound releases 1 CO2 and hydrogen atom. Now, a four-carbon compound is produced. NAD+ is released to NADH. ADP becomes ATP.
4.The four carbon compound releases a hydrogen atom to form another four carbon compound. FAD is reduced to FADH2.
5. The four-carbon compound release a hydrogen atom to regenerate oxaloacetic acid which keeps the Krebs cycle going. 10 NADH molecules and two FADH2 molecules that are produced drive the next stage of aerobic respiration. The next stage is Electron Transport chain.
1. NADH and FADH2 give the electron transport chain electrons.
2. Electrons are passed down the chain and they move from molecule to molecule, loosing energy.
3. Lost energy pumps protons and builds a high concentration gradient.
4. This drives the synthesis of ATP. ATP synthase molecules are embedded in the inner membrane and Protons move along the chain and ATP is made from ADP and phosphate.
5. Oxygen accepts electrons and some protons. The protons, electrons and oxygen combine and form water.
Source: PG 139, 156 and 140 Modern Biology

#12 Mitosis

The homologous chromosomes are lined up along the middle of the cell in metaphase.
Source: Lab Book

#13 Meiosis

Meiosis produces gametes which are female egg cells or male sperm cells. Meiosis and mitosis are similar in that they have the G-1 phase, S-phase, G-2 phase and they make duplicate cells. Also, DNA coils tightly into chromosomes during prophase. They differ in that meiosis occurs two times before the process is done and meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell. Mitosis makes one identical copy. Meiosis has snyapsis which is where each homologous pair of chromosome in meiosis in a tetrad.
Source:Pg 162, 163 and 156

#14 Baking Soda

The chemical formula for baking soda is NaHCO3 which is sodium, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
Souce: WWW.chemicalformula.org/bakingsoda

#15 Enzyme

An enzyme is a protein molecule. Milk is an enzyme because it contains lysine, one of the twenty different types of amino acids.
Source:WWW.naturalhealthtechniques.com

#16 Double Helix

A double helix contains nitrogenous bases that are held together by hydrogen bonds. The bases are held together by two to three bonds.
Source: Pg 197 Modern Biology

#17 Plant life cycle

All plants have a life cycle. The first phase consist of a diploid sporophyte plant that produces spores. The second phase consists of a haploid gametophyte plant that produces sperm and egg. On moss, there are thousands of gametophytes attached to the soil by rhizoids which are like roots. The sporophyte grows up from the top of the gametophyte.
Source: Pg 567 and 565 Modern Biology

#18 Plant without roots

Moss does not have roots. They are attached to the ground by rhizoids.
Source: visual.merrimen-webster.com

#19 Hypotonic solution

A sulution where water would diffuse into a plant cell is a hypotonic solution because if the concentration of molecules outside the cell are lower than the concentration of molecules in the cell, water will diffuse into the cell until equilibrium is established. Above is a hypotonic cell.
Source: Pg 98 Modern Biology